{"id":4733,"date":"2026-02-13T19:00:08","date_gmt":"2026-02-13T19:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.englishtestcenter.com\/?p=4733"},"modified":"2026-02-13T19:00:08","modified_gmt":"2026-02-13T19:00:08","slug":"c2-relative-clauses-participle-clauses-nominalisation-advanced-english-grammar-test-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.englishtestcenter.com\/index.php\/c2-relative-clauses-participle-clauses-nominalisation-advanced-english-grammar-test-2\/","title":{"rendered":"C2 – Relative Clauses, Participle Clauses & Nominalisation -Advanced English Grammar Test 2"},"content":{"rendered":"

C2 – Relative Clauses, Participle Clauses & Nominalisation -Advanced English Grammar Test 2<\/h3>\n

Take this C2 English grammar test focusing on advanced relative clauses, reduced clauses, participle constructions, and nominalisation. Includes 15 challenging questions with very detailed explanations for CPE, IELTS Band 9, and TOEFL 110+ learners.<\/p>\n

Choose the correct answer (A, B, C, or D).
Only one option is grammatically correct and stylistically appropriate in formal C2-level academic English.<\/p>\n

QUIZ START<\/a><\/div>\n

A1 Online Grammar Tests<\/a><\/p>\n

A2 Online Grammar <\/a>Tests<\/a><\/p>\n

Tests<\/a><\/p>\n

B2 Online Grammar <\/a>Tests<\/a><\/p>\n

C1 Online Grammar Tests<\/a><\/p>\n

C2 Online Grammar Tests<\/a><\/p>\n

Very Detailed Explanations<\/h1>\n
\n

1. Reviewed by three independent reviewers<\/h2>\n

This is a reduced passive relative clause<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Full form:<\/p>\n

\n

The manuscript, which was reviewed by three independent reviewers\u2026<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Reduced form:<\/p>\n

\n

The manuscript, reviewed by three independent reviewers\u2026<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Past participle expresses passive meaning.
\u201cReviewing\u201d would imply the manuscript performed the action.<\/p>\n

\n

2. Several of which remain controversial<\/h2>\n

Quantifier structure:<\/p>\n

\n

noun + , several of which + plural verb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u201cThat\u201d cannot follow a preposition (\u201cof\u201d).
Non-defining clauses require \u201cwhich.\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

3. A framework that is capable<\/h2>\n

\u201cCapable\u201d requires a verb.<\/p>\n

Reduced forms like \u201ca framework capable of\u2026\u201d are possible, but here \u201ccapable of integrating\u201d needs explicit relative clause.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat is\u201d correctly introduces defining clause.<\/p>\n

\n

4. Data obtained from unreliable sources<\/h2>\n

Reduced passive relative clause.<\/p>\n

Full form:<\/p>\n

\n

Data that were obtained\u2026<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Past participle shows passive meaning.<\/p>\n

\n

5. Citing insufficient empirical support<\/h2>\n

Present participle expresses reason.<\/p>\n

The committee rejected the proposal because it cited insufficient support.<\/p>\n

\u201cHaving cited\u201d would imply prior completed action, unnecessary here.<\/p>\n

\n

6. All of whom had prior experience<\/h2>\n

Refers to people \u2192 \u201cwhom.\u201d<\/p>\n

Structure:<\/p>\n

\n

all of whom<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Cannot use \u201cthat\u201d after preposition.<\/p>\n

\n

7. Previously considered inexplicable<\/h2>\n

Reduced passive clause.<\/p>\n

Full:<\/p>\n

\n

phenomena that were previously considered inexplicable<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Past participle shows passive meaning.<\/p>\n

\n

8. None of which fully address<\/h2>\n

Quantifier + of + which.<\/p>\n

Plural agreement required \u2192 address.<\/p>\n

\n

9. Having completed\u2026, the conclusions became apparent<\/h2>\n

Introductory participle must logically refer to subject.<\/p>\n

Implied subject: researchers.<\/p>\n

Main clause must be complete independent clause.<\/p>\n

\u201cBecame\u201d fits correct tense sequence.<\/p>\n

\n

10. A development having profound implications<\/h2>\n

Participle clause modifying \u201cdevelopment.\u201d<\/p>\n

Equivalent to:<\/p>\n

\n

a development that has profound implications<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Present participle shows ongoing characteristic.<\/p>\n

\n

11. Competencies transcending traditional boundaries<\/h2>\n

Active meaning: competencies transcend.<\/p>\n

Thus present participle.<\/p>\n

\u201cTranscended\u201d would imply past action completed.<\/p>\n

\n

12. Results replicated across contexts<\/h2>\n

Reduced passive clause.<\/p>\n

Full form:<\/p>\n

\n

results that were replicated<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Past participle indicates passive state.<\/p>\n

\n

13. A principle that is central<\/h2>\n

Defining clause specifying principle.<\/p>\n

Reduced form \u201ca principle central to\u201d would also work, but among given options only \u201cthat is\u201d is correct.<\/p>\n

\n

14. Patterns warranting further investigation<\/h2>\n

Present participle expresses necessity.<\/p>\n

Equivalent to:<\/p>\n

\n

patterns that warrant further investigation<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Option A (\u201cwarrant\u201d) could be correct in full clause, but structure requires modifier, not finite verb.<\/p>\n

Thus \u201cwarranting\u201d fits grammatically.<\/p>\n

\n

15. Once regarded unethical<\/h2>\n

Reduced passive clause.<\/p>\n

Full form:<\/p>\n

\n

practices that were once regarded unethical<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Past participle expresses passive perception.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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