{"id":4700,"date":"2026-02-13T18:41:35","date_gmt":"2026-02-13T18:41:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.englishtestcenter.com\/?p=4700"},"modified":"2026-02-13T18:41:35","modified_gmt":"2026-02-13T18:41:35","slug":"c2-relative-clauses-participle-clauses-nominalisation-advanced-english-grammar-test-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.englishtestcenter.com\/index.php\/c2-relative-clauses-participle-clauses-nominalisation-advanced-english-grammar-test-1\/","title":{"rendered":"C2 – Relative Clauses, Participle Clauses & Nominalisation -Advanced English Grammar Test 1"},"content":{"rendered":"

C2 – Relative Clauses, Participle Clauses & Nominalisation -Advanced English Grammar Test 1<\/h3>\n

Take this C2 English grammar test on advanced relative clauses, reduced clauses, participle clauses, and nominalisation. Includes 15 challenging questions with detailed explanations for CPE, IELTS Band 9, and TOEFL 110+ learners.<\/p>\n

Choose the correct answer (A, B, C, or D).
Only one option is grammatically correct and stylistically appropriate in formal C2-level academic English.<\/p>\n

QUIZ START<\/a><\/div><\/p>\n

A1 Online Grammar Tests<\/a><\/p>\n

A2 Online Grammar <\/a>Tests<\/a><\/p>\n

Tests<\/a><\/p>\n

B2 Online Grammar <\/a>Tests<\/a><\/p>\n

C1 Online Grammar Tests<\/a><\/p>\n

C2 Online Grammar Tests<\/a><\/p>\n

Very Detailed Explanations<\/h1>\n
\n

1. Non-defining relative clause<\/h2>\n

\u201cThe theory\u201d is followed by a comma.
This signals a non-defining relative clause<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Non-defining clauses:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n

    use commas<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    use \u201cwhich,\u201d not \u201cthat\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    cannot omit the relative pronoun<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Thus:<\/p>\n

    \n

    which was originally proposed<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    \n

    2. Defining relative clause<\/h2>\n

    \u201cCredibility\u201d requires specification.<\/p>\n

    No comma \u2192 defining clause.<\/p>\n

    \u201cThat is essential\u201d correctly defines which credibility.<\/p>\n

    \u201cWhich\u201d would also be possible, but in restrictive clauses, \u201cthat\u201d is stylistically preferred in formal writing.<\/p>\n

    \n

    3. Reduced relative clause (passive)<\/h2>\n

    Full form:<\/p>\n

    \n

    which were adjusted for demographic variables<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Reduced to:<\/p>\n

    \n

    adjusted for demographic variables<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Past participle expresses passive meaning.<\/p>\n

    \u201cAdjusting\u201d would imply the data performed the action.<\/p>\n

    \n

    4. Present participle for purpose\/function<\/h2>\n

    \u201cPolicies reducing environmental impact\u201d
    = policies that reduce environmental impact.<\/p>\n

    Active meaning \u2192 present participle.<\/p>\n

    \n

    5. Quantifier + of + which<\/h2>\n

    Structure:<\/p>\n

    \n

    many of which<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Used in non-defining clauses referring to plural noun.<\/p>\n

    \u201cThat\u201d cannot follow a preposition in non-defining clauses.<\/p>\n

    \n

    6. Reduced passive clause<\/h2>\n

    Full form:<\/p>\n

    \n

    criteria that were established<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Reduced to:<\/p>\n

    \n

    criteria established<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Past participle signals passive meaning.<\/p>\n

    \n

    7. The implications of which<\/h2>\n

    Preposition + which structure.<\/p>\n

    Formal academic construction.<\/p>\n

    Cannot use \u201cthat\u201d after preposition.<\/p>\n

    \n

    8. Non-defining clause<\/h2>\n

    Comma indicates non-defining clause.<\/p>\n

    Thus:<\/p>\n

    \n

    which is replicable<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    \u201cBeing replicable\u201d would suggest ongoing action and is stylistically awkward.<\/p>\n

    \n

    9. Participle clause expressing result<\/h2>\n

    \u201cRequiring several revisions\u201d explains consequence.<\/p>\n

    Present participle adds extra information.<\/p>\n

    \n

    10. Participle clause modifying skills<\/h2>\n

    \u201cSkills exceeding those of their peers\u201d<\/p>\n

    Active meaning: skills exceed.<\/p>\n

    Thus present participle.<\/p>\n

    \n

    11. None of which were verified<\/h2>\n

    Quantifier + of + which.<\/p>\n

    Plural agreement required \u2192 were.<\/p>\n

    \n

    12. Reduced passive relative clause<\/h2>\n

    Full form:<\/p>\n

    \n

    risks that are associated<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Reduced to:<\/p>\n

    \n

    risks associated<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Past participle expresses passive.<\/p>\n

    \n

    13. Dangling participle avoidance<\/h2>\n

    \u201cHaving reviewed the literature\u201d refers to the subject of the main clause.<\/p>\n

    Subject implied: researchers.<\/p>\n

    \u201cThe inconsistencies became apparent\u201d is correct main clause.<\/p>\n

    \n

    14. Present participle clause<\/h2>\n

    \u201cResults contradicting previous predictions\u201d<\/p>\n

    Active meaning \u2192 present participle.<\/p>\n

    \n

    15. Reduced passive clause<\/h2>\n

    Full form:<\/p>\n

    \n

    practices that were once considered controversial<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Reduced to:<\/p>\n

    \n

    once considered controversial<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Past participle expresses passive state.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    C2 – Relative Clauses, Participle Clauses & Nominalisation -Advanced English Grammar Test 1 Take this C2 English grammar test on 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